Map projection is the method of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map. This process involves transforming geographical coordinates into a two-dimensional format, which can lead to distortions in area, shape, distance, or direction. Different types of projections serve various purposes, such as the Mercator projection, which is useful for navigation but distorts landmasses near the poles. Understanding map projections is essential for accurate data representation in fields like geography, urban planning, and environmental science. Each projection has its strengths and weaknesses, making it crucial to choose the right one based on the map's intended use.