Map coloring is a mathematical problem that involves assigning colors to regions on a map so that no two adjacent regions share the same color. This concept is often used in graph theory, where each region is represented as a vertex and edges connect vertices that are adjacent. The goal is to minimize the number of colors used while ensuring that neighboring regions are distinctly colored. The famous Four Color Theorem states that any map in a plane can be colored using no more than four colors without adjacent regions sharing the same color. This theorem has practical applications in scheduling, register allocation in computer science, and various optimization problems, making map coloring a significant area of study in mathematics and computer science.