A low birth rate refers to a situation where the number of live births in a population is significantly lower than the replacement level, which is typically around 2.1 children per woman. This phenomenon can lead to an aging population and potential labor shortages, as fewer young people enter the workforce. Countries like Japan and Italy have experienced low birth rates, prompting concerns about economic growth and sustainability. Several factors contribute to low birth rates, including increased access to education and career opportunities for women, changing societal values, and the rising cost of raising children. Additionally, many couples are choosing to delay parenthood or have fewer children due to financial constraints or personal preferences. These trends can have long-term implications for population dynamics and social services.