Lorentz transformations are mathematical equations that describe how measurements of time and space change for observers moving relative to one another at high speeds, particularly close to the speed of light. They are a key part of Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of physics in the early 20th century. These transformations show that time can appear to pass at different rates for observers in different frames of reference, a phenomenon known as time dilation. Similarly, lengths can contract along the direction of motion, known as length contraction. Together, these effects illustrate the interconnectedness of space and time in our universe.