The Lorentz Transformation is a set of equations in physics that describe how measurements of time and space change for observers in different inertial frames of reference. It is a key component of Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, which states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion. These transformations account for the effects of traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, showing that time can dilate and lengths can contract depending on the relative velocity between observers. This means that two observers moving relative to each other may disagree on measurements of time intervals and distances.