Local government in Spain operates through a decentralized system, allowing regions and municipalities to manage their own affairs. Each of the 17 autonomous communities, such as Catalonia and Andalusia, has its own government, which can legislate on various matters, including education and health. Municipalities, or ayuntamientos, are the smallest administrative units and are responsible for local services like waste management and urban planning. Local councils are elected by residents, ensuring that citizens have a voice in their community's governance. This structure promotes regional diversity and local participation in decision-making.