Lithification is the process that transforms loose sediments into solid rock. This occurs through two main steps: compaction and cementation. During compaction, layers of sediment are pressed together under the weight of overlying materials, reducing the space between particles. Then, minerals precipitate from water and fill the gaps, acting like glue to bind the particles together. This process is essential in forming sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and limestone. Over millions of years, lithification can create extensive rock formations that hold valuable resources, including fossils and groundwater. Understanding lithification helps geologists interpret Earth's history and the environments in which these rocks formed.