The Lisbon earthquake occurred on November 1, 1755, and is one of the most significant earthquakes in European history. It struck the city of Lisbon, Portugal, with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 to 9.0. The earthquake caused widespread destruction, leading to the collapse of buildings and significant loss of life, with estimates ranging from 30,000 to 100,000 casualties. In addition to the earthquake, Lisbon was hit by a massive tsunami and devastating fires that further ravaged the city. The disaster had profound effects on European thought and philosophy, influencing figures like Voltaire and contributing to discussions about natural disasters and human suffering.