Land deformation refers to the alteration of the Earth's surface due to various natural and human-induced processes. This can occur through events like earthquakes, volcanic activity, or the gradual movement of tectonic plates. Such changes can lead to the formation of new landforms, such as mountains or valleys, and can also affect ecosystems and human infrastructure. Human activities, such as mining, construction, and the extraction of groundwater, can also cause land deformation. These actions may lead to subsidence, where the ground sinks, or landslides, where soil and rock move down a slope. Understanding land deformation is crucial for managing risks and planning sustainable development in affected areas.