The Kingdom of Northumbria was an early medieval kingdom located in what is now northern England and southeastern Scotland. It emerged in the 7th century and became one of the most powerful kingdoms in Britain during the Anglo-Saxon period. Northumbria was known for its rich culture, including the development of Old English literature and significant contributions to Christianity. Northumbria was divided into two main regions: Bernicia in the north and Deira in the south. The kingdom reached its height under the rule of kings like Oswald and Edwin. However, it eventually declined due to internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the Vikings.