King Charles II was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 until his death in 1685. He was born on May 29, 1630, and became king after the English Civil War, which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy. His reign is known as the Restoration period, marking the return of the monarchy after years of republican rule under Oliver Cromwell. Charles II was known for his charm and love of the arts, as well as his efforts to promote religious tolerance. He established the Royal Society in 1660, which encouraged scientific advancement. His reign also saw the expansion of the British Empire and the establishment of New York as a city.