Kernel architecture refers to the design and structure of the core component of an operating system, known as the kernel. The kernel acts as a bridge between the hardware and software, managing system resources and facilitating communication between applications and the hardware. There are different types of kernel architectures, including monolithic kernels, microkernels, and hybrid kernels, each with its own approach to resource management and system calls. In a monolithic kernel, all operating system services run in the same address space, which can lead to better performance but may also increase complexity. In contrast, a microkernel minimizes the number of services running in the kernel space, promoting modularity and stability. Hybrid kernels combine elements of both architectures, aiming to balance performance and modularity for efficient system operation.