Kazakh history dates back to ancient times, with the region inhabited by nomadic tribes. The formation of the Kazakh Khanate in the 15th century marked a significant development, uniting various tribes under a centralized leadership. This period saw the establishment of trade routes and cultural exchanges, particularly along the Silk Road. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire expanded into Kazakh territories, leading to significant changes in governance and society. Kazakhstan eventually became part of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, experiencing industrialization and collectivization. Independence was achieved in 1991, marking a new chapter in Kazakh history.