Jewish immigration refers to the movement of Jewish people from one country to another, often in search of safety, economic opportunities, or religious freedom. Significant waves of Jewish immigration occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly to the United States, where many sought refuge from persecution in Europe, including the Pogroms in Russia and the rise of Nazism in Germany. In the 20th century, Jewish immigration also included movements to Israel, especially after its establishment in 1948. This migration was driven by a desire for a homeland following the horrors of the Holocaust and ongoing anti-Semitism in various parts of the world.