Japanese surnames often reflect geographical features, occupations, or natural elements. Common examples include Takahashi, meaning "tall bridge," and Tanaka, which translates to "rice field in the middle." These names typically consist of one or two kanji characters, each carrying specific meanings. In Japan, surnames are usually placed before given names. Many families have historical ties to samurai or noble clans, and some surnames are associated with specific regions. The use of surnames became more widespread during the Meiji Restoration in the late 19th century, when the government encouraged their adoption for taxation and administrative purposes.