James Simpson was a Scottish obstetrician born in 1811, best known for his pioneering work in anesthesia. He discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform in 1847, which significantly improved pain management during childbirth and surgical procedures. His work laid the foundation for modern anesthesia practices. Simpson was also a prominent advocate for women's health and played a crucial role in promoting the use of anesthesia in obstetrics. He was a member of the Royal Society and contributed to various medical journals, influencing the field of medicine and improving patient care during the 19th century.