James Francis Edward Stuart, often referred to as the "Old Pretender," was born on June 10, 1688. He was the son of King James II of England and Mary of Modena. After his father's deposition during the Glorious Revolution, James claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, asserting his right as a Catholic heir. James attempted to regain the throne through several uprisings, notably the Jacobite risings, but was unsuccessful. He spent much of his life in exile, primarily in France, where he was recognized as king by some European powers. He died on January 1, 1766, in Rome.