The JAK-STAT pathway is a crucial signaling mechanism used by cells to communicate and respond to various external signals, such as hormones and cytokines. It involves two main components: Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor on the cell surface, JAKs are activated and phosphorylate STAT proteins, leading to their activation. Once activated, STATs translocate to the cell nucleus, where they regulate the expression of specific genes. This pathway plays a vital role in processes like immune response, cell growth, and differentiation. Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT pathway can contribute to various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.