The Italian Renaissance was a vibrant period of cultural revival that began in the late 14th century and lasted into the 17th century. It marked a renewed interest in the art, literature, and philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo created masterpieces that emphasized realism and human emotion, transforming the way people viewed art. This era also saw significant advancements in science and exploration, with figures such as Galileo challenging traditional beliefs. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread new ideas quickly, making the Renaissance a pivotal moment in European history that laid the groundwork for the modern world.