Ismail Pasha was an Egyptian ruler who served as the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879. He is known for his ambitious modernization efforts, which included the development of infrastructure, such as railways and telegraphs, and the expansion of the cotton industry. His reign marked a significant period of economic growth in Egypt. However, Ismail Pasha's extravagant spending and heavy borrowing led to financial difficulties. In 1879, he was deposed by the Ottoman Empire due to his inability to manage the country's debts. His legacy remains a mix of modernization and financial turmoil in Egypt's history.