Institutional racism refers to the policies and practices within organizations and institutions that, intentionally or unintentionally, result in unequal treatment of individuals based on their race. This form of racism is embedded in the structures of society, affecting areas such as education, healthcare, and the criminal justice system. It can manifest through discriminatory hiring practices, biased law enforcement, and unequal access to resources. This type of racism is often systemic, meaning it is ingrained in the culture and operations of institutions like schools, hospitals, and government agencies. As a result, marginalized racial groups may face barriers that hinder their opportunities and perpetuate social inequalities. Addressing institutional racism requires comprehensive reforms and a commitment to equity.