Identifier naming refers to the process of creating names for variables, functions, classes, and other elements in programming. Good identifier names are essential because they help make code more readable and understandable. For example, instead of naming a variable "x," using a descriptive name like "totalScore" provides clarity about its purpose. Choosing the right identifiers also involves following certain conventions, such as using camelCase or snake_case. This helps maintain consistency across the codebase. Additionally, avoiding overly complex or ambiguous names ensures that other developers, or even your future self, can easily grasp the code's intent.