Item Response Theory (IRT) is a statistical framework used to analyze the relationship between individuals' abilities and their responses to test items. It helps in understanding how different factors, such as difficulty and discrimination of test questions, affect a person's performance. IRT is commonly applied in educational assessments and psychological testing. One of the key advantages of IRT is its ability to provide detailed information about both the test items and the respondents. This allows for more precise measurement of abilities, making it useful in developing adaptive testing systems, such as those used in standardized exams like the SAT or GRE.