The "Hundred Years" typically refers to the period of the Hundred Years' War, a series of conflicts fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453. This war was primarily over claims to the French throne and territorial disputes. It significantly impacted both nations, leading to changes in military tactics and national identities. The conflict is marked by several key battles, including the Battle of Crécy and the Battle of Agincourt, where the English longbowmen played a crucial role. The war ultimately ended with the expulsion of the English from most of France, solidifying French territorial integrity and paving the way for the rise of centralized monarchies in both countries.