Hua Yi refers to a term used in Chinese history to describe the "flowery barbarians," a name given to various non-Han Chinese ethnic groups. This term was often used during the Tang and Song dynasties to denote people from regions outside the central Chinese states, particularly those in Southeast Asia. The term reflects the cultural perceptions and interactions between the Han Chinese and these groups. The concept of Hua Yi also highlights the complexities of identity and cultural exchange in ancient China. It illustrates how the Han Chinese viewed themselves in relation to neighboring cultures, often emphasizing a sense of superiority while also acknowledging the influence of these groups on trade, culture, and diplomacy.