The history of the Netherlands dates back to ancient times, with early settlements by the Celts and Germanic tribes. In the Middle Ages, the region became a collection of feudal states, eventually forming part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century marked a period of great wealth, cultural achievement, and maritime power. In the 18th century, the Netherlands faced challenges from foreign powers, leading to the establishment of the Batavian Republic. The country later became a kingdom in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the Netherlands experienced industrialization, two world wars, and decolonization, shaping its modern identity.