The High Middle Ages refers to a period in European history from around the 11th to the 13th centuries. This era saw significant developments in agriculture, trade, and population growth, leading to the rise of towns and a more structured society. The establishment of universities and the flourishing of Gothic architecture, exemplified by cathedrals like Notre-Dame de Paris, marked this time. During the High Middle Ages, the influence of the Catholic Church grew, shaping politics and culture. The period also witnessed the emergence of powerful monarchies and the formation of nations, as seen in the reign of figures like King Richard the Lionheart of England.