Hematologic malignancies are cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. These include conditions like leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. They occur when blood cells grow uncontrollably, leading to various health issues. Symptoms can include fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising. Diagnosis often involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and imaging studies. Treatment options vary and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplants. Early detection and advancements in medical research have improved outcomes for many patients, making it crucial to seek medical advice if symptoms arise.