Heap allocation is a method of managing memory in computer programming where a program requests a block of memory from the system's heap. This memory is used for dynamic data storage, allowing programs to allocate and deallocate memory as needed during runtime. Unlike stack allocation, which is limited in size and scope, heap allocation provides more flexibility for larger and variable-sized data structures. When a program no longer needs the allocated memory, it must explicitly release it back to the heap to avoid memory leaks. This process is often managed by functions like malloc and free in languages such as C or through garbage collection in languages like Java.