"Hard cases" refer to legal situations that present significant challenges in reaching a clear or just outcome. These cases often involve complex issues, conflicting laws, or moral dilemmas that make it difficult for judges to apply existing legal principles. As a result, hard cases can lead to lengthy deliberations and may set important precedents for future legal interpretations. In the context of law, hard cases often arise in areas such as constitutional law, criminal justice, or family law. They can highlight the limitations of legal frameworks and the need for judicial discretion, prompting discussions about the balance between justice and legal certainty.