The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished around 2500 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It is known for its advanced urban planning, including well-organized cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured grid layouts, drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes. The civilization was primarily agrarian, relying on crops such as wheat and barley, and engaged in trade with neighboring regions. Artifacts like pottery, seals, and jewelry indicate a rich cultural life, while the script used by the Harappans remains undeciphered, leaving many aspects of their society a mystery.