The Guelphs and Ghibellines were two opposing factions in medieval Italy, primarily during the 12th to 15th centuries. The Guelphs supported the Pope and the Church, advocating for papal authority over secular rulers. They were often associated with the interests of the urban merchant class and sought to limit the power of the Holy Roman Empire. In contrast, the Ghibellines backed the Holy Roman Emperors and favored a strong central authority. They represented the feudal nobility and sought to enhance the power of the emperor against the influence of the papacy. This conflict significantly shaped the political landscape of Italy during the Middle Ages.