German dukes were noble rulers in the historical regions of Germany, often governing specific territories or duchies. They held significant power during the Middle Ages and the early modern period, playing crucial roles in local governance, military leadership, and the feudal system. Their authority was often hereditary, passed down through noble families. The title of duke, or Herzog in German, was one of the highest ranks in the nobility, just below that of a king. Many dukes were influential in the formation of the Holy Roman Empire and contributed to the cultural and political landscape of Germany, including notable figures like Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria.