Geotechnical properties refer to the physical and mechanical characteristics of soil and rock materials that influence their behavior under various conditions. These properties include factors such as soil composition, density, permeability, and shear strength, which are essential for understanding how these materials will respond to loads, water flow, and environmental changes. Understanding geotechnical properties is crucial for construction and engineering projects. Engineers use this information to design foundations, retaining walls, and other structures, ensuring they are safe and stable. Proper assessment of these properties helps prevent issues like landslides and settlement, ultimately contributing to the longevity and safety of built environments.