Geometric transformation refers to the process of changing the position, size, or shape of a geometric figure in a coordinate system. Common types of transformations include translation, rotation, reflection, and scaling. Each transformation alters the figure in specific ways, such as moving it to a different location or flipping it over a line. These transformations can be represented mathematically using matrices and can be applied to various shapes, including triangles, circles, and polygons. Understanding geometric transformations is essential in fields like computer graphics, robotics, and engineering, where precise manipulation of shapes is often required.