Genetic pathways are networks of genes and their products that work together to control specific biological processes in an organism. These pathways involve interactions between proteins, enzymes, and other molecules that help regulate functions such as cell growth, metabolism, and response to environmental signals. Understanding these pathways is crucial for studying how genes influence traits and diseases. Researchers often use model organisms, like fruit flies or mice, to investigate genetic pathways. By manipulating specific genes, scientists can observe changes in the organism's behavior or physiology, providing insights into how genetic variations can lead to different outcomes in health and development.