Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. These alterations can occur naturally during cell division or be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals. Mutations can affect a single DNA base pair or larger segments of chromosomes, leading to variations in traits. Some mutations are harmless, while others can lead to diseases or disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. Additionally, mutations play a crucial role in evolution, as they introduce genetic diversity that can be beneficial for adaptation to changing environments.