Genetic association refers to the relationship between specific genetic variations and particular traits or diseases. Researchers study how certain genes or genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), correlate with conditions like diabetes or heart disease. This helps in understanding the genetic basis of these conditions and can guide treatment options. By identifying genetic associations, scientists can also explore how environmental factors interact with genetics. This field of study is crucial for developing personalized medicine, where treatments can be tailored based on an individual's genetic profile, improving outcomes for conditions like cancer or autoimmune diseases.