General John C. Pemberton was a Confederate officer during the American Civil War. Born on March 10, 1814, in Pennsylvania, he graduated from the United States Military Academy and served in the Mexican-American War. Pemberton is best known for his role as the commander of Confederate forces during the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863. Pemberton's leadership during the siege was marked by significant challenges, including dwindling supplies and overwhelming Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant. After a prolonged defense, Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, which was a major turning point in the war, leading to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.