Galactic evolution refers to the process by which galaxies form, develop, and change over time. It begins with the gravitational collapse of gas and dust in the universe, leading to the creation of stars and star clusters. These stars can group together to form galaxies, which can evolve through interactions, mergers, and the influence of dark matter. As galaxies age, they undergo various transformations, such as star formation, supernova explosions, and the accretion of gas. The study of galactic evolution helps scientists understand the history of the universe, including the roles of dark matter, black holes, and cosmic microwave background radiation in shaping galaxies.