Fundamental constants are essential values in physics that describe the laws of nature. They include constants like the speed of light in a vacuum, c, and the gravitational constant, G. These values are universal and remain unchanged regardless of the conditions, providing a foundation for scientific calculations and theories. Understanding these constants is crucial for various fields, including astronomy, chemistry, and engineering. They help scientists make predictions about the behavior of matter and energy in the universe, ensuring that our understanding of the physical world is consistent and reliable.