Functionalization techniques refer to methods used to modify the surface or properties of materials, particularly in chemistry and materials science. These techniques enhance the functionality of materials by introducing specific chemical groups or altering their physical characteristics. Common applications include improving adhesion, increasing reactivity, or enabling specific interactions with other substances. These techniques can involve various processes, such as chemical grafting, plasma treatment, or self-assembled monolayers. Each method has its advantages and is chosen based on the desired outcome, whether for biomedical applications, catalysis, or nanotechnology. Functionalization plays a crucial role in developing advanced materials for diverse industries.