The Fulani Jihad refers to a series of religious wars and campaigns led by the Fulani people in West Africa during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These movements aimed to establish Islamic states and promote the spread of Islam among local populations. The most notable leader was Usman dan Fodio, who initiated the jihad in what is now northern Nigeria, resulting in the formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. The Fulani Jihad significantly impacted the political and social landscape of West Africa. It led to the establishment of several Islamic emirates and contributed to the spread of Islamic education and culture in the region. The jihad also caused conflicts with existing kingdoms and altered trade routes, shaping the history of West African societies.