Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a protein produced by the FMR1 gene located on the X chromosome. It plays a crucial role in the development and function of synapses, which are the connections between neurons in the brain. FMRP is involved in regulating the translation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, influencing how proteins are made in response to neuronal activity. Mutations or expansions in the FMR1 gene can lead to a deficiency of FMRP, resulting in Fragile X Syndrome. This genetic condition is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and can also lead to behavioral challenges and developmental delays. Understanding FMRP is essential for developing potential treatments for those affected by this syndrome.