The "Four Modernizations" refer to a set of goals aimed at improving China's economy and society, introduced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. These modernizations focus on four key areas: agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. The initiative sought to enhance productivity and innovation, moving China towards a more market-oriented economy. By modernizing agriculture, China aimed to increase food production and efficiency. The industrial sector was targeted for growth through technological advancements, while national defense improvements were intended to strengthen military capabilities. Lastly, advancements in science and technology were crucial for overall development, ensuring China could compete globally.