The history of firearms dates back to the 9th century in China, where gunpowder was first invented. Early firearms, such as the hand cannon, emerged in the 13th century, evolving from simple tubes that fired projectiles. By the 15th century, advancements led to the development of matchlocks, which allowed for more reliable ignition. In the following centuries, firearms continued to evolve with the introduction of flintlock mechanisms in the 17th century and later, percussion caps in the 19th century. The industrial revolution further transformed firearm production, leading to mass manufacturing and the creation of modern weapons like rifles and pistols.