Fetal physiology refers to the biological processes and functions of a developing fetus during pregnancy. The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients through the placenta, which connects it to the mother's bloodstream. This exchange is crucial for growth and development, as the fetus relies on the mother for essential substances while eliminating waste products. Throughout gestation, the fetus undergoes various stages of development, including the formation of organs and systems. Key processes include cell division, metabolism, and circulation. The fetal heart begins to beat early in pregnancy, and by the end of gestation, the fetus is typically ready for birth, having developed the necessary systems to survive outside the womb.