A female ruler is a woman who holds a position of power and authority in governance, often leading a country or region. Throughout history, female rulers have played significant roles, such as Cleopatra, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and Queen Elizabeth I, who reigned over England during the late 16th century. These leaders can take various forms, including queens, empresses, and presidents. Female rulers often face unique challenges and societal expectations, but many have successfully influenced politics, culture, and social change, demonstrating that leadership is not confined to gender.