Fath Ali Shah was the second ruler of the Qajar dynasty in Iran, reigning from 1797 to 1834. He succeeded his cousin, Agha Mohammad Khan, and is known for his efforts to modernize the country and expand its territory. His reign saw the establishment of a more centralized government and the promotion of arts and culture, including the construction of beautiful palaces and gardens. During his rule, Fath Ali Shah faced several challenges, including wars with Russia that led to significant territorial losses for Iran. The Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 formalized these losses, marking a period of decline for the Qajar dynasty. Despite these setbacks, he is remembered for his contributions to Persian art and architecture.