Expectancy Theory is a psychological framework that explains how individuals make decisions based on their expectations of outcomes. It suggests that people are motivated to act when they believe their efforts will lead to desired results. This theory is often summarized by three key components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy refers to the belief that effort will lead to performance, instrumentality is the belief that performance will lead to rewards, and valence is the value placed on those rewards. In the workplace, Expectancy Theory can help managers understand employee motivation. By ensuring that employees believe their efforts will result in successful performance and that this performance will be rewarded, organizations can enhance motivation and productivity. This theory emphasizes the importance of clear communication and goal-setting to align employee efforts with organizational objectives.